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Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction our mental life is described. According to this model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role; and the ego is the organized, realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. The super-ego can stop one from doing certain things that one's id may want to do.〔(The Super-ego of Freud )〕 Although the model is structural and makes reference to an apparatus, the id, ego and super-ego are purely psychological concepts and do not correspond to (somatic) structures of the brain such as the kind dealt with by neuroscience. The super-ego is observable in how someone can view himself as guilty, bad, pathetic, shameful, weak, etc. or feel compelled to do certain things. Freud (1923) in The Ego and the Id discusses "the general character of harshness and cruelty exhibited by the () ideal – its dictatorial 'Thou shalt.'" A patient may feel like he should make the best possible use of his time and realize all his potential. However, this ideal may feel so crushing that he never lives up to the schedules he makes for himself and constantly escapes by watching youtube videos or occupying himself with other distractions. Another patient may be a "workaholic" and feel bad if he doesn't spend long hours at his job or business. Yet another can feel like others might get angry with him if he says no, and be a people pleaser. Freud (1933) hypothesizes different levels of ego ideal or superego development with increasingly greater ideals: The earlier in development, the greater the estimate of parental power. When one defuses into rivalry with the parental imago, then one feels the 'dictatorial thou shalt' to manifest the power the imago represents. Four general levels are found in Freud's work: the auto-erotic, the narcissistic, the anal, and the phallic. These different levels of development and the relations to parental imagos correspond to specific id forms of aggression and affection. For example, aggressive desires to decapitate, to dismember, to cannibalize, to swallow whole, to suck dry, to make disappear, to blow away, etc. animate myths, are enjoyed in fantasy and horror movies, and are observable in the fantasies and repressions of patients across cultures. The concepts themselves arose at a late stage in the development of Freud's thought as the "structural model" (which succeeded his "economic model" and "topographical model") and was first discussed in his 1920 essay ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'' and was formalized and elaborated upon three years later in his ''The Ego and the Id''. Freud's proposal was influenced by the ambiguity of the term "unconscious" and its many conflicting uses. == Id == The id (Latin for "it")〔"id." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Deluxe Edition.〕 is the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual drives. Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.〔http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/personalityelem.htm〕 It is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives. The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality.〔Carlson, N. R. (19992000). Personality. Psychology: the science of behavior (Canandian ed., p. 453). Scarborough, Ont.: Allyn and Bacon Canada.〕 The id acts according to the "pleasure principle"—the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse—defined as seeking to avoid pain or unpleasure (not 'displeasure') aroused by increases in instinctual tension. According to Freud the id is unconscious by definition: In the id: Developmentally, the id precedes the ego; i.e., the psychic apparatus begins, at birth, as an undifferentiated id, part of which then develops into a structured ego. Thus, the id: The mind of a newborn child is regarded as completely "id-ridden", in the sense that it is a mass of instinctive drives and impulses, and needs immediate satisfaction. The id "knows no judgements of value: no good and evil, no morality. ... Instinctual cathexes seeking discharge—that, in our view, is all there is in the id."〔Freud, ''New Introductory Lectures'' p. 107〕 It is regarded as "the great reservoir of libido",〔Sigmund Freud, "The Ego and the Id", ''On Metapsychology'' (Penguin Freud Library 11) p. 369n〕 the instinctive drive to create—the life instincts that are crucial to pleasurable survival. Alongside the life instincts came the death instincts—the death drive which Freud articulated relatively late in his career in "the hypothesis of a ''death instinct'', the task of which is to lead organic life back into the inanimate state."〔Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' p. 380〕 For Freud, "the death instinct would thus seem to express itself—though probably only in part—as an ''instinct of destruction'' directed against the external world and other organisms"〔Freud, ''On Metapsychology'' p. 381〕 through aggression. Freud considered that "the id, the whole person ... originally includes all the instinctual impulses ... the destructive instinct as well",〔Freud, ''New Introductory Lectures'' p. 138〕 as eros or the life instincts. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Id, ego and super-ego」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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